Generasi ke-1 (1945-1955) : Vacuum Tubes dan Plugboards
- Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage)
- Calculating Engine menggunakan vacuum tubes (Howard Aitken, John von Neumann, J.P Eckert, Konrad Zuse)
- Beluam ada bahasa pemrograman
- Belum ada sistem operasi, system komputer diberi instruksi yang harus dikerjakan langsung.
- Operasi menggunakan plugboard
- Pengenalan punched card
Generasi Ke-2 (1955-1965) : Transistors dan Batch System
- Tetap belum dilengkapi system operasi. Tetapi beberapa fungsi dasar SO sudah ada.
- Pengenalan transistor untuk komputer
- Pemisahan fungsi personil :Designer , Operator, Programmer dan Maintenance personel
- Pengenalan job (program atau seperangkat program)
- Penggunaan bahasa FORTRAN, Assembeler
- Penerapan Batch System
- Pengoperasian Off-Line
- Penggunaan mesin-mesin besar untuk kalkulasi sains dan engineering
- Typical operating system : FMS (Fortran Monitor System) dan IBSYS (sistem operasi untuk IBM 7094)
Generasi Ke-3 (1965-1980) : IC dan Multiprogramming
- IBM mengenalkan IBM 360 dengan sistem operasi OS/360
- Menggunakan Integrated Circuit (IC)
- Dapat menangani komputasi sains dan komersial
- Mengadopsi konsep ‘one family’
- Sistem operasi berukuran besar dan kompleks
- Mengenalkan multiuser, komputer memiliki resource yang dapat digunakan oleh banyak orang sekaligus
- Mengenalkan multiprogramming, komputer melayani banyak proses sekaligus pada waktu yang bersamaan dengan menerapkan partisi memori menjadi beberapa bagian memori dengan satu bagian memori untuk satu job berbeda. Saat satu job menunggu operasi I/O selesai, job lain dapat menggunakan proses.
- Mengenalkan Time Sharing (berbagi waktu), tiap pemakai mempunyai satu terminal online dengan pemroses hanya memberi layana pada pemakai yang aktif secara bergantian secara cepat. Pemakai akan merasa dilayani terus menerus. Padahal sebenarnya secara bergantian.
- Mengenalkan SPOOLING (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line), membuat peripheral seolah-olah dapat digunakan bersamaan, dapat diaksis secara simultan yaitu dengan cara menyediakan beberapa partisi memori. Saat terdapat permintaan layanan peripheral, langsung diterima dan data disimpan lebih dulu di memori yang disediakan berupa antrian kemudian dijadwalkan agar secara nyata dilayani peripheral.
- Sistem time sharing pertama, CTSS, dikembangkan di MIT
- Usaha pengembangan ‘computer utility’ mesin yang dapat menunjang ratusan time sharing user
- Pengembangan komputer MINI (DEC-PDP-1 s/d PDP-11)
- Ken Thompson mengembangkan versi satu pemakai (single user) dari MULTICS (MULTIplex and Computing Services)
- UNIX (Uniplexed Information and Computing Services)
Generasi Ke-4 (1980-1990) : LSI, VLSI, dan Personal Computer (PC)
- Pengembangan LSI dan VLSI melahirkan PC dan Workstation
- Perangkat lunaknya ‘user friendly’
- Dua sistem operasi yang dominan :
- MS-DOS (pada IBM-PC dengan CPU Intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486)
- UNIX (pada Non-Intel computer dan workstation)
- RISC Chips
- Network Operating System
- Distributed Operating System
- Generasi Ke-5 (1990-sekarang) : VLSI, ULSI an teknologi Nano Second, Internet, Multimedia
- Pengembangan VLSI an ULSI melahirkan PC yang berbasis Pentium untuk server maupun workstation
- Pengembangan sistem operasi windows
- Pengembangan internet dan multimedia
- Pengembangan aplikasi yang berbasis Web atau WWW
- dll.
1 comments:
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